ORIGINS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

1. U.S. Business Fundamentally Flawed
a. Overproduction/underconsumption
b.Stock market speculation

c. Run on the Banks

2. Farm Depression
The Dust Bowl

3. Worldwide depression

4. Bad Policy:
a. Hawley-Smoot Tariff
b. Agricultural Marketing Act:
c. National Credit Corporation:
d. Reconstruction Finance
Corporation:
e. Presidential Organization for
Unemployment Relief (POUR)
f. Bonus March

Prohibition and the Crazy 1920a

I. Prohibition Law:
A. 18th Amendment
(prohibiting manufacture, sale, transport)
B. Volstead Act
(making the 18th a “bone dry” amendment)
C. "Five and Ten Law"
(1929, 5 year, $10,000 penalty)

III. Prohibition Failure:
Why Not More of a Success?
A. Minimal Enforcement:
B. Unrealistic Expectations:
C. Corruption:
D. Policy without Authority:

III. Repeal:
A. 21st Amendment (Dec. 5, 1933)
B. The Constitution and Federal Intervention

IV. Progress and Decline in the 1920s:
A. 20s as Decade of Cultural/Economic Flowering:
1. Consumerism:

Lowest 40%=$725
190-housing
110-clothing
290-food
=135 left

Edward Bernays=father of modern pr

2. Movies:
Warner Bros. Pictures inc. in 1923
MGM formed in 1924
Fox Film Corporation founded in 1912
(became 20th Century Fox in 1935)
United Artists, formed in 1919
(by stars Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., Charlie Chaplin, and director D.W. Griffith)

3. Harlem Renaissance

4. “Lost Generation”


5. The “New Woman”

B. 1920s as a Decade of Ignorance,
Cultural Decay

1. Influenza
--killed 25 million worldwide
(700,000 in U.S.)
Historian Alfred Crosby:
The virus “killed more humans than any other disease in a period of similar duration in the history of the world.”

“I had a little bird, I had a little bird,
Its name was Enza. Its name was Enza.
I opened up the window, I opened up the window, And in flu enza, In flu enza.”
Children’s jump rope rhyme

2. World Economic Chaos:

 England=industrial problems: General Strike of 1926
--2 million unemployed by 1930
--3 million unemp. in 1933

 Depression
One billion per year in reparations
Hyperinflation in Germany:

1 dollar=9000 marks (Jan. of 1923)
1 dollar=4.2 trillion marks
(Nov. of 1923)

--one loaf of bread=580 billion marks


3. Urban Racial Unrest: Chicago, 1919
…48 recorded lynchings in 1917
…78 recorded lynchings in 1919

4. Nativism:
a. National Origins Act of 1924
b. Sacco and Vanzetti

5. The KKK
6. Scopes Monkey Trial


VII. Significance:

MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE:

YOU NEED A BLUE BOOK FOR THIS EXAM.
This exam will have two parts:

Part A (40%) is objective. There will be 21 multiple choice questions. You will answer 20 of them. Check the blog over the next few days to see several more examples of multiple choice questions so that you get used to the level of detail required and the type of information I want you to retain. Here are two examples of questions used on a previous exam:
The 18th Amendment added prohibition to the Constitution. Which of the following repealed the 18th?
A. 19th
B. 20th
C. 21st
D. 22nd

The man who created the Black Star Line was
A. Thomas Dewey
B. WEB DuBois
C. Booker T. Washington
D. Marcus Garvey


Part B is an essay(60%): There will be two essay questions. You will write on one. The essays will come from one or two of the following themes:
1. Reconstruction: Think about the challenges of reconstructing the war-torn nation, how various groups tried to solve those problems, and which plan eventually went into effect.
2. Progressivism: Think about the many movements involved and how successful they each were in improving the world.
3. The 1920s: Think about the “progress” or “decline” model that we discussed in class.


HOW TO SUCCEED ON THIS TEST:
Make outlines for each theme.
Make sure that your outlines have far more information than you could ever remember.
Avoid the big general statements.
Instead, add detail to your outline.
Then, use those outlines to study; try to rewrite the outline without looking; say the outline out loud in front of a mirror; use the outline to impress your friends at work or at parties; come to office hours and let me see the outline.The one comment I write more than any other on midterms is “add more detail.”
So, learn some details to back up your understanding of the periods we have studied. I want you to do well!

ESSAY ASSIGNMENT

FOLLOW THE DUE DATES ON THE SYLLABUS:
THIS IS A 3-4 PAGE, DOUBLE-SPACED, TYPED, PAPER ON ONE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:

1. Immigration Interview Project:
Conduct interviews with at least two people who immigrated to the United States. Compare their experience with the experiences of people who came to the country through Ellis Island. How was the legal and social climate of each historical moment unique?
Here are some good sources:
http://www.dumas-k12.net/socst/K-5/Grade_5/Supplements/13_Voices%20From%20Ellis%20Island.pdf
http://www.dumas-k12.net/socst/K-5/Grade_5/Supplements/13_Voices%20From%20Ellis%20Island.pdf
http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Past.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Past.html
http://www.fortunecity.com/littleitaly/amalfi/100/influx97.htm http://www.fortunecity.com/littleitaly/amalfi/100/influx97.htm
http://www.fortunecity.com/littleitaly/amalfi/100/postcards.htm http://www.fortunecity.com/littleitaly/amalfi/100/postcards.htm
Working toward Whiteness : How America's Immigrants became White : the Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the suburbs by David R. Roediger.

2. . Were the 1950s really Happy Days?

3. History of Childhood:
Choose one of the following periods: the 1890s, the 1920s, the 1930s, the 1940s, or the 1950s. Compare and contrast childhood today with childhood from that era. It is up to you to classify what “growing up” means in 2010 versus one of those eras. That means more than just saying that there is now tv and fast food and internet. It means reading, researching what others have said is significant about childhood today. You might want to check out The Sociology of Childhood by William A. Corsaro. This book traces the meaning of childhood, focusing on the construction of identity by children.

4. Indian Gambling
Describe the historical background to legal gambling on tribal lands. Has this legal and financial development had a positive or negative impact on Native Americans?
http://www.cniga.com/
http://www.cniga.com/
http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htIndianGaming.htm#Topic3
http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htIndianGaming.htm#Topic3
http://paugussett.itgo.com/issues.htm
http://paugussett.itgo.com/issues.htm

5. Has the United States been in decline since the 1960s?



OR, THE OTHER OPTION...YOU MAY MAKE YOUR OWN TOPIC AS LONG AS YOU CLEAR IT WITH ME BEFOREHAND. IF YOU SHOW UP WITH A PAPER THAT IS NOT FROM THIS LIST AND HAS NOT BEEN CLEARED BY ME, IT WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

-------------------------------------GENERAL INFO---------------------
Is this a research paper? You need to do work outside of class to be successful on this paper. Is some of that what I would call research? Yes. Hence, you should go talk to a librarian...they are amazingly helpful with research!
Should this paper argue something? Yes, please oh please, make a claim! Remember, I do not want you to tell me WHAT happened so much as tell me THE MEANING of what happened.
Your paper should be well organized, with a sound introduction, clear body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
Your paper should be well-written, with few grammatical errors. Let me help with that. Bring me a rough draft before your final draft is due, and we will revise your paper together. There's also a history tutor in the Oasis who might be able to help with revision.

WWI AND WOMAN SUFFRAGE OUTLINES

--The Great War--
I. Introduction:

II. Origins of War:

--Bloody Alliances—
Triple Entente (France, GB, Russia)
Triple Alliance (GR, Austro-Hungary, Italy)


III. The Great War:
A. The Trenches
B. Trenches in the Sea
C. Peace and Preparedness
D. WAR

IV. The End of War:
A. Wilson's 14 Points
B. Versailles
C. Spanish Flu of 1918

V. Significance:



“Suffering for the Vote”

I. Introduction:
Why be against Woman Suffrage?

II. Suffering for the Vote
A. The Seneca Falls Convention
B. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
C. National American Woman Suffrage Assoc.
(Carrie Catt and Florence Kelley)
D. The Great War and the Vote
E. The National Women’s Party (Alice Paul)
F. Impact of the Nineteenth Amendment
1. Sheppard-Towner
2. Birth Control

III. Conclusion/Significance:

Sears and Roebuck and the Development of Middle Class America

READING FOR MONDAY: U.S. ENTRANCE INTO THE GREAT WAR

Why did the U.S. become involved in the First World War?

http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson.htm
or
http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/reasons.htm
or
http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig3/dwyer3.html

Studs Terkel Reading Guide

5/5 The Good War Reading Due/Dropping the Bomb Debate Prep

The Good War is an incredible book. You are going to love it! You may become so entranced by the stories therein that you feel compelled to read every page.
Here’s how to read it for this class:

1. Read the Introduction;
2. Read one story from each section;
3. Print and fill out the following form as you read;
4. Bring the form to class.

Write the name of the story you read for each section:
Jot down a word or two over here to help you recall this section:

A Sunday Morning ____________ 

A Chance Encounter ____________ 

Tales of the Pacific ____________ 

The Good Reuben James ____________ 

Rosie ____________ 

Neighborhood Boys ____________ 

Reflections on Machismo ____________ 

High Rank ____________ 

The Bombers and the Bombed ____________ 

Growing Up: Here and There ____________ 

D-Day and All That ____________ 

Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy ____________ 

Sudden Money ____________ 

The Big Panjandrum ____________ 

Flying High ____________ 

Up Front with Pen, Camera, and Mike __________ 

Crime and Punishment ____________ 

A Turning Point ____________ 

Chilly Winds ____________ 

Is You Is or Is you Aint my Baby ____________ 

Remembrance of Things Past ____________ 

Epilogue ____________ 

Excerpt from Outliers, by Malcolm Gladwell

Outlier, noun.

1 : something that is situated away from or classed differently from a main or related body
2 : a statistical observation that is markedly different in value from the others of the sample

1.
Roseto Valfortore lies one hundred miles southeast of Rome, in the Apennine foothills of the Italian province of Foggia. In the style of medieval villages, the town is organized around a large central square. Facing the square is the Palazzo Marchesale, the palace of the Saggese family, once the great landowner of those parts. An archway to one side leads to a church, the Madonna del Carmine—Our Lady of Mount Carmine. Narrow stone steps run up the hillside, flanked by closely-clustered two-story stone houses with red tile roofs.

For centuries, the paesani of Roseto worked in the marble quarries in the surrounding hills, or cultivated the fields in the terraced valley below, walking four and five miles down the mountain in the morning and then making the long journey back up the hill at night. It was a hard life. The townsfolk were barely literate and desperately poor and without much hope for economic betterment—until word reached Roseto at the end of the nineteenth century of the land of opportunity across the ocean.

In January of 1882, a group of eleven Rosetans—ten men and one boy—set sail for New York. They spent their first night in America sleeping on the floor of a tavern on Mulberry Street, in Manhattan's Little Italy. Then they ventured west, ending up finding jobs in a slate quarry ninety miles west of the city in Bangor, Pennsylvania. The following year, fifteen Rosetans left Italy for America, and several members of that group ended up in Bangor as well, joining their compatriots in the slate quarry. Those immigrants, in turn, sent word back to Roseto about the promise of the New World, and soon one group of Rosetans after another packed up their bags and headed for Pennsylvania, until the initial stream of immigrants became a flood. In 1894 alone, some twelve hundred Rosetans applied for passports to America, leaving entire streets of their old village abandoned.

The Rosetans began buying land on a rocky hillside, connected to Bangor only by a steep, rutted wagon path. They built closely clustered two story stone houses, with slate roofs, on narrow streets running up and down the hillside. They built a church and called it Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and named the main street on which it stood Garibaldi Avenue, after the great hero of Italian unification. In the beginning, they called their town New Italy. But they soon changed it to something that seemed more appropriate, given that in the previous decade almost all of them had come from the same village in Italy. They called it Roseto.

In 1896, a dynamic young priest—Father Pasquale de Nisco—took over at Our Lady of Mount Carmel. De Nisco set up spiritual societies and organized festivals. He encouraged the townsfolk to clear the land, and plant onions, beans, potatoes, melons and fruit trees in the long backyards behind their houses. He gave out seeds and bulbs. The town came to life. The Rosetans began raising pigs in their backyard, and growing grapes for homemade wine. Schools, a park, a convent and a cemetery were built. Small shops and bakeries and restaurants and bars opened along Garibaldi Avenue. More than a dozen factories sprang up, making blouses for the garment trade. Neighboring Bangor was largely Welsh and English, and the next town over was overwhelmingly German, which meant—given the fractious relationships between the English and Germans and Italians, in those years—that Roseto stayed strictly for Rosetans: if you wandered up and down the streets of Roseto in Pennsylvania, in the first few decades after 1900, you would have heard only Italian spoken, and not just any Italian but the precise southern, Foggian dialect spoken back in the Italian Roseto. Roseto Pennsylvania was its own tiny, self-sufficient world—all but unknown by the society around it—and may well have remained so but for a man named Stewart Wolf.

Wolf was a physician. He studied digestion and the stomach, and taught in the medical school at the University of Oklahoma. He spent summers at a farm he'd bought in Pennsylvania. His house was not far from Roseto—but that, of course, didn't mean much since Roseto was so much in its own world that you could live one town over and never know much about it. "One of the times when we were up there for the summer—this would have been in the late 1950's, I was invited to give a talk at the local medical society," Wolf said, years later, in an interview. "After the talk was over, one of the local doctors invited me to have a beer. And while we were having a drink he said, ‘You know, I've been practicing for seventeen years. I get patients from all over, and I rarely find anyone from Roseto under the age of sixty-five with heart disease.'"

Wolf was skeptical. This was the 1950's, years before the advent of cholesterol lowering drugs, and aggressive prevention of heart disease. Heart attacks were an epidemic in the United States. They were the leading cause of death in men under the age of sixty-five. It was impossible to be a doctor, common sense said, and not see heart disease. But Wolf was also a man of deep curiosity. If somebody said that there were no heart attacks in Roseto, he wanted to find out whether that was true.

Wolf approached the mayor of Roseto and told him that his town represented a medical mystery. He enlisted the support of some of his students and colleagues from Oklahoma. They pored over the death certificates from residents of the town, going back as many years as they could. They analyzed physicians' records. They took medical histories, and constructed family genealogies. "We got busy," Wolf said. "We decided to do a preliminary study. We started in 1961. The mayor said—all my sisters are going to help you. He had four sisters. He said, ‘You can have the town council room.' I said, ‘Where are you going to have council meetings?' He said, ‘Well, we'll postpone them for a while.' The ladies would bring us lunch. We had little booths, where we could take blood, do EKGs. We were there for four weeks. Then I talked with the authorities. They gave us the school for the summer. We invited the entire population of Roseto to be tested."

The results were astonishing. In Roseto, virtually no one under 55 died of a heart attack, or showed any signs of heart disease. For men over 65, the death rate from heart disease in Roseto was roughly half that of the United States as a whole. The death rate from all causes in Roseto, in fact, was something like thirty or thirty-five percent lower than it should have been.

Wolf brought in a friend of his, a sociologist from Oklahoma named John Bruhn, to help him. "I hired medical students and sociology grad students as interviewers, and in Roseto we went house to house and talked to every person aged twenty one and over," Bruhn remembers. This had happened more than fifty years ago but Bruhn still had a sense of amazement in his voice as he remembered what they found. "There was no suicide, no alcoholism, no drug addiction, and very little crime. They didn't have anyone on welfare. Then we looked at peptic ulcers. They didn't have any of those either. These people were dying of old age. That's it."

Wolf's profession had a name for a place like Roseto—a place that lay outside everyday experience, where the normal rules did not apply. Roseto was an outlier.

2.
Wolf's first thought was that the Rosetans must have held on to some dietary practices from the old world that left them healthier than other Americans. But he quickly realized that wasn't true. The Rosetans were cooking with lard, instead of the much healthier olive oil they used back in Italy. Pizza in Italy was a thin crust with salt, oil, and perhaps some tomatoes, anchovies or onions. Pizza in Pennsylvania was bread dough plus sausage, pepperoni, salami, ham and sometimes eggs. Sweets like biscotti and taralli used to be reserved for Christmas and Easter; now they were eaten all year round. When Wolf had dieticians analyze the typical Rosetan's eating habits, he found that a whopping 41 percent of their calories came from fat. Nor was this a town where people got up at dawn to do yoga and run a brisk six miles. The Pennsylvanian Rosetans smoked heavily, and many were struggling with obesity.

If it wasn't diet and exercise, then, what about genetics? The Rosetans were a close knit group, from the same region of Italy, and Wolf next thought was whether they were of a particularly hardy stock that protected them from disease. So he tracked down relatives of the Rosetans who were living in other parts of the United States, to see if they shared the same remarkable good health as their cousins in Pennsylvania. They didn't.

He then looked at the region where the Rosetans lived. Was it possible that there was something about living in the foothills of Eastern Pennsylvania that was good for your health? The two closest towns to Roseto were Bangor, which was just down the hill, and Nazareth, a few miles away. These were both about the same size as Roseto, and populated with the same kind of hard-working European immigrants. Wolf combed through both towns' medical records. For men over 65, the death rates from heart disease in Nazareth and Bangor were something like three times that of Roseto. Another dead end.
What Wolf slowly realized was that the secret of Roseto wasn't diet or exercise or genes or the region where Roseto was situated. It had to be the Roseto itself. As Bruhn and Wolf walked around the town, they began to realize why. They looked at how the Rosetans visited each other, stopping to chat with each other in Italian on the street, or cooking for each other in their backyards. They learned about the extended family clans that underlay the town's social structure. They saw how many homes had three generations living under one roof, and how much respect grandparents commanded. They went to Mass at Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church and saw the unifying and calming effect of the church. They counted twenty-two separate civic organizations in a town of just under 2000 people. They picked up on the particular egalitarian ethos of the town, that discouraged the wealthy from flaunting their success and helped the unsuccessful obscure their failures.

In transplanting the paesani culture of southern Italy to the hills of eastern Pennsylvania the Rosetans had created a powerful, protective social structure capable of insulating them from the pressures of the modern world. The Rosetans were healthy because of where they were from, because of the world they had created for themselves in their tiny little town in the hills.

"I remember going to Roseto for the first time, and you'd see three generational family meals, all the bakeries, the people walking up and down the street, sitting on their porches talking to each other, the blouse mills where the women worked during the day, while the men worked in the slate quarries," Bruhn said. "It was magical."


When Bruhn and Wolf first presented their findings to the medical community, you can imagine the kind of skepticism they faced. They went to conferences, where their peers were presenting long rows of data, arrayed in complex charts, and referring to this kind of gene or that kind of physiological process, and they talked instead about the mysterious and magical benefits of people stopping to talk to each other on the street and having three generations living under one roof. Living a long life, the conventional wisdom said at the time, depended to a great extent on who we were—that is, our genes. It depended on the decisions people made—on what they chose to eat, and how much they chose to exercise, and how effectively they were treated by the medical system. No one was used to thinking about health in terms of a place.

Wolf and Bruhn had to convince the medical establishment to think about health and heart attacks in an entirely new way: they had to get them to realize that you couldn't understand why someone was healthy if all you did was think about their individual choices or actions in isolation. You had to look beyond the individual. You had to understand what culture they were a part of, and who their friends and families were, and what town in Italy their family came from. You had to appreciate the idea that community—the values of the world we inhabit and the people we surround ourselves with—has a profound effect on who we are. The value of an outlier was that it forced you to look a little harder and dig little deeper than you normally would to make sense of the world. And if you did, you could learn something from the outlier than could use to help everyone else.

PROGRESSIVISM

ARE THESE 2 QUOTES CONTRADICTORY?

Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus"

There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism...The one absolutely certain way of bringing the nation to ruin, of preventing all possibility of its continuing to be a nation at all, would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities.
Theodore Roosevelt, 1915

The Progressive Era:
I. Origins

A. Populism:
Farmers' Alliance
Omaha Platform: inflationary currency policy, graduated income tax, direct government ownership of railroad and telegraph industries, redistribution of railroad owned lands
B. Hull House—1889
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/10870.html

II. A New Mindset:
Progressivism Defined:
Progressivism was a series of movements designed to combat the ills of industrialism. Some progressives also wanted to control the behavior of the working classes.

Stanley Schultz, Univ. of Wisconsin:
· Government should be more active
· Social problems are susceptible to government legislation and action
· Throw money at the problem
· The world is “perfectible”

III. Progressive Movements:
A. Anti-Trust
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
“Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.”

B. Anti-Lynching (Ida B. Wells-Barnett)

C. Good Government Movement
--17th Amendment=direct election of senators
--referendums and recalls

D. Consumer Protection: The Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

IV. Progressivism in Practice:

TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FIRE OF 1911

A. The ILGWU Strike:
B. Fire on the Factory Floor
C. Reporters and the Visibility of Triangle
1. "Love Affair in Mid-Air"
2. Mortillalo and Zito
D. The Public Response


V. Progressivism in Practice Elsewhere:

As a Progressive, you believe that you have the correct way to live and that through the proper use of government you can help other live that way. What are the boundaries, the frontiers of your belief? In other words, how far are you willing to go with this belief?

EXCERPT FROM THE JUNGLE, UPTON SINCLAIR

Section 1-Let a man so much as scrape his finger pushing a truck in the pickle rooms, and he might have a sore that would put him out of the world; all the joints in his fingers might be eaten by the acid, one by one. Of the butchers and floorsmen, the beef-boners and trimmers, and all those who used knives, you could scarcely find a person who had the use of his thumb; time and time again the base of it had been slashed, till it was a mere lump of flesh against which the man pressed the knife to hold it. The hands of these men would be criss- crossed with cuts, until you could no longer pretend to count them or to trace them. They would have no nails, – they had worn them off pulling hides; their knuckles were swollen so that their fingers spread out like a fan. There were men who worked in the cooking rooms, in the midst of steam and sickening odors, by artificial light; in these rooms the germs of tuberculosis might live for two years, but the supply was renewed every hour. There were the beef-luggers, who carried two-hundred-pound quarters into the refrigerator-cars; a fearful kind of work, that began at four o'clock in the morning, and that wore out the most powerful men in a few years. There were those who worked in the chilling rooms, and whose special disease was rheumatism; the time limit that a man could work in the chilling rooms was said to be five years. There were the wool-pluckers, whose hands went to pieces even sooner than the hands of the pickle men; for the pelts of the sheep had to be painted with acid to loosen the wool, and then the pluckers had to pull out this wool with their bare hands, till the acid had eaten their fingers off. There were those who made the tins for the canned meat; and their hands, too, were a maze of cuts, and each cut represented a chance for blood poisoning. Some worked at the stamping machines, and it was very seldom that one could work long there at the pace that was set, and not give out and forget himself and have a part of his hand chopped off. There were the "hoisters," as they were called, whose task it was to press the lever which lifted the dead cattle off the floor. They ran along upon a rafter, peering down through the damp and the steam; and as old Durham's architects had not built the killing room for the convenience of the hoisters, at every few feet they would have to stoop under a beam, say four feet above the one they ran on; which got them into the habit of stooping, so that in a few years they would be walking like chimpanzees. Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor, – for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for the other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, and in some of which there were open vats near the level of the floor, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting, – sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them had gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!

Section 2-There was meat that was taken out of pickle and would often be found sour, and they would rub it up with soda to take away the smell, and sell it to be eaten on free-lunch counters; also of all the miracles of chemistry which they performed, giving to any sort of meat, fresh or salted, whole or chopped, any color and any flavor and any odor they chose. In the pickling of hams they had an ingenious apparatus, by which they saved time and increased the capacity of the plant – a machine consisting of a hollow needle attached to a pump; by plunging this needle into the meat and working with his foot, a man could fill a ham with pickle in a few seconds. And yet, in spite of this, there would be hams found spoiled, some of them with an odor so bad that a man could hardly bear to be in the room with them. To pump into these the packers had a second and much stronger pickle which destroyed the odor – a process known to the workers as "giving them thirty per cent." Also, after the hams had been smoked, there would be found some that had gone to the bad. Formerly these had been sold as "Number Three Grade," but later on some ingenious person had hit upon a new device, and now they would extract the bone, about which the bad part generally lay, and insert in the hole a white-hot iron. After this invention there was no longer Number One, Two, and Three Grade – there was only Number One Grade. The packers were always originating such schemes – they had what they called "boneless hams," which were all the odds and ends of pork stuffed into casings; and "California hams," which were the shoulders, with big knuckle joints, and nearly all the meat cut out; and fancy "skinned hams," which were made of the oldest hogs, whose skins were so heavy and coarse that no one would buy them – that is, until they had been cooked and chopped fine and labeled "head cheese!"

Section 3-Cut up by the two-thousand-revolutions- a-minute flyers, and mixed with half a ton of other meat, no odor that ever was in a ham could make any difference. There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water – and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast. Some of it they would make into "smoked" sausage – but as the smoking took time, and was therefore expensive, they would call upon their chemistry department, and preserve it with borax and color it with gelatin to make it brown. All of their sausage came out of the same bowl, but when they came to wrap it they would stamp some of it "special," and for this they would charge two cents more a pound.

MORE ISSUES OF RACE IN THE POST WAR U.S.

1. "How can we ask more of the States formerly in rebellion than that they should be abreast of New England in granting rights and privileges to the colored race?"

2. "The humblest black rides with the proudest white on terms of perfect equality, and without the smallest symptom of malice or dislike on either side. I was, I confess, surprised to see how completely this is the case; even an English radical is a little taken aback at first."

3. "The Negroes are freely admitted to the theatre in Columbia and to other exhibitions, lectures, etc, though the whites avoided sitting with them if the hall be not crowded."

4. "In Columbia they are served at the bars, soda water fountains, and ice-cream saloons, though they were not accepted at hotels and other accommodations."

5. Charleston editor, "We care nothing whatever about Northern or outside opinion in this matter. Our opinion is that we have no more need for a Jim Crow system this year than we had last year, and a great deal less than we had twenty and thirty years ago."

6. "Jim Crow laws would be a needless affront to our respectable and well behaved colored people."

7. VA, 1886, "Nobody here objects to sitting in political conventions with Negroes. Nobody here objects to serving on juries with Negroes. No lawyer objects to practicing law in court where Negro lawyers practice…Colored men are allowed to introduce bills into the Virginia legislature, and in both branches of this body Negroes are allowed to sit, as they have a right to sit."

8. "Occasionally the Negro met no segregation when he entered restaurants, bars, waiting rooms, theatres, and other public places of amusement."

9. 1885, "In Virginia they may ride exactly as white people do and in the same cars"

10. 1885, traveled from Boston to South Carolina, once there, "I put a chip on my shoulder, and inwardly dares any man to knock it off…bold as a lion I took a seat at a table with white people, and I was courteously served. The whites at the table appeared not to note my presence. Thus far I had found travelling more pleasant than in some parts of New England."

11. Same guy, "Negroes dine with whites in a railroad saloon

Taken from C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955)


Race Relations to the 1890s

As Richard Hofstadter once wrote, "For historians, violence is a difficult subject, diffuse and hard to cope with."

"Without multiplying words," a clergyman wrote in 1893, "I wish to say that hell is an improvement upon the United States when the negro is involved." From 1882 to 1903 lynch mobs in the United States took the lives of approximately 1985 blacks.

Industrialism Gone Mad

Industrialism


I. Why was there such vast growth so rapidly in the U.S.?

1. War: Why would war encourage industrial growth?

Example #1: Morrill Act (1862)

Example #2: Railroads:
1860: 30,000 miles of r.r.
1864: Congress grants 131 million acres
1910: 240,000 miles of railway

2. Resources: land, raw materials, people,
ideas=booooooom!

1864: 872,000 tons of iron and steel
1919: more than 24 million tons

1860: 20 million tons of coal
1910: 500 million tons of coal

1860: 500,000 barrels of petroleum
1910: 209 million barrels of petroleum


3. Integration:

a. Horizontal Integration:
--monopolize one part of the productive process

Example: meatpacking plants

b. Vertical Integration:
--monopolize all elements of productive process

Example: Andrew Carnegie: mining iron ore, own blast furnaces (factories), own shops, own ships, own railroad and rail lines


4. Mindset:

a. Small Government is Best:
Laissez faire: “let it do”

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776)

b. Aggressive Business Mentality:
The Robber Barons

Andrew Carnegie—FRIDAY

J.P. Morgan

Jay Gould: “Mephistopheles of Wall Street”

Cornelius Van Derbilt:


Gentlemen:
You have undertaken to cheat me. I will not sue you, for law takes too long. I will ruin you.
Sincerely,
CVD

c. Justifying the New World:
How do you justify the world when fabulous wealth and wretched poverty exist so closely together?




The New Impoverished City

Rapid Urbanization:
1860: 25 million Americans lived in rural areas

6.2 million in what the Bureau of the Census
called "urban territory" (2500 or more)

1910: 42 million of the 92 million in urban areas



Tenement Buildings:
1879 NYC law declared that every room must have a window and every floor must have a bathroom

Contamination:
1877-Philadelphia: 82,000 privies

Boston Harbor was “one vast cesspool, a threat to all
the towns it washed.”

Crime-Filled:
Murder Rate: 1266 in 1881
7340 in 1898
(an increase of 25 per million people, to 107 per million people)

Women in Workforce:
1/7th of the Paid workforce
(2.6 million of the 17.4 million)
500,000 married, yet they were paid less than
men, especially after 1900 when the “family wage” idea spread.

Immigration:
Newspaper in 1900: "It is well known that nearly every foreigner…goes armed. Some carry revolvers, while many others hide huge ugly knives upon their person."

1890-1900: 3.5 million
1900-1910: 7 million


Child Labor:
1900: 700,000 10 and 15 year olds in workforce.

--Monangah, West Virginia, 1907:
Martin Honick


Children Working in the cotton mills (Tennessee Valley)
"They were children only in age…little, solemn pygmy people, whom poverty had canned up and compressed…the juices of childhood had been pressed our…no talking in the mill…no singing…they were more dead than alive when at seven o clock, the Steam Beast uttered the last volcanic howl which said they might go home…in a speechless, haggard, over-worked procession."

(we’re still “Justifying the New World”)
William Graham Sumner:
Social Darwinism



What if you do not want to justify the disparity between rich and poor? What could you do?

II. Progressivism:

RECONSTRUCTING A BROKEN UNION

I. Reconstruction:
Jourdon Anderson

II. Political Reconstruction:
A. LINCOLN’S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION

B. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Both Radicals and Moderates had plans:

1. RADICALS:

Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner

“The foundations of their institutions
must be broken up and re-laid, or all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain.” (Stevens)

“40 Acres and a Mule”

Was redistribution of land a real option?
Was redistribution of land a good option?

2. MODERATES:
Wade-Davis Bill (“ironclad oath”)
--passed Congress at end of 1864:
--sent to the President and…

C. JOHNSON'S RESTORATION
1. Freedmen's Bureau
2. Black Codes

D. RADICALS STRIKE BACK
1. First Civil Rights Bill (1866)
2. 14th Amendment (1867)
3. First Reconstruction Acts (1867)
4. Tenure of Office Act
5. Fifteenth Amendment

E. The Compromise of 1877
Hayes versus Tilden

III. Why does Reconstruction Matter?

Frederick Douglass (1865):
"Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot."

The Souls of Black Folk (1901) W.E.B. DuBois:
"For this much all men know: despite compromise, war, and struggle, the Negro is not free. In the backwoods...he may not leave the plantation of his birth...in the whole rural South the black farmers are...bound by law and custom to an economic slavery, from which the only escape is death or the penitentiary. In the most cultured sections and cities of the South the Negroes are a segregated and servile caste, with restricted rights and privileges. Before the courts, both in law and custom, they stand on a different and peculiar basis...The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line."